Discuss The Measures We Can Take to Prevent the Spread of the H1N1 Virus Free Essays

As we as a whole know, and know that, the H1N1 flu, or the more usually utilized name, Swine Flu, has been assaulting different residents all through the world. This infection is spreading at a consistent state and will hurt numerous others except if measures are taken right away. The world has been enduring an onslaught from such ailments for an impossibly lengthy timespan. We will compose a custom article test on Talk about The Measures We Can Take to Prevent the Spread of the H1N1 Virus or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now There is a long-standing history of infections, scourges and torment darkening our past. Fixes have fizzled; individuals have passed on, the significant explanation being that our progenitors didn't take enough precaution measures to contradict the spread of such illnesses. In any case, in today’s world, where we have all the benefits an individual can dream of, and a wide range of progressions in clinical innovation, we have an obligation to utilize this mindfulness and use it for our fullest potential benefit. In 2005, individuals were terrified to go to poultry markets for fears of getting Avian Flu, or H1N3, and numerous careful steps were taken to annihilate that infection. With much battle, we were at last effective. A similar kind of deterrent estimates should be taken with H1N1. This being a viral malady, in can be transmitted starting with one individual then onto the next in a split second. The utilization of pork ought to be limited or totally halted for the present, so as to help the anticipation of the infection spreading. Be that as it may, this is likewise an airborne, infectious infection, so the legislature should encourage clinical and pharmaceutical organizations to deliver a precaution antibody. Everybody in the nation must be vaccinated regardless of what the reaction are, the length of we annihilate the infection and stop it spreading. Schools ought to teach and educate kids regarding the risks of maintaining a strategic distance from the utilization of protection quantifies and should give uncommon classes on tidiness/cleanliness and how to arrange accurately of utilized tissues, for instance. These classes ought to be particularly focused towards kids beneath the age of twelve, as they are more defenseless to the infection than teenagers. As people, we as a whole have an obligation to each other. We should know about the side effects of this infection, which are a high temperature, a bodily fluid filled hack, hanging eyelids, shortcoming up to the point of weakness, and at times looseness of the bowels or potentially retching. In the event that we recognize a kindred colleague or anybody in an open territory, for example, a shopping center or shopping market showing any of these indications, we should advise the school nurture or request help with the open zone promptly and immediately. This ought not be disregarded by any stretch of the imagination. These individuals merit the open door for treatment as quickly as time permits. In school, we ought to ask our ranking staff individuals to ensure there are hand sanitizers accessible in each hall and cleanser in all the restrooms, so we may have clean hands consistently. Additional consideration ought to be taken to keep up the sanitation and cleanliness of the school restrooms. Likewise, everybody must keep a sack of disinfectant wipes in their rucksack for times when hand sanitizer is inaccessible. This will drastically decrease the hazard on contamination and will extraordinarily improve the wellbeing of the understudies and staff the same. This may appear to be a great deal of exertion yet to secure our wellbeing, and potentially our lives, these measures are incredibly basic. Together, we will have the option to forestall, or if nothing else limit, the spread of the H1N1 infection, so we may live our lives soundly, and unafraid. The most effective method to refer to Discuss The Measures We Can Take to Prevent the Spread of the H1N1 Virus, Papers

Advertisement Analysis job for keen young school leavers Free Essays

1) The commercial uses a couple of strategies to draw in individuals to the activity. In the include it is referenced that they are searching for â€Å"keen youthful school leavers†, as there are many school graduates who are searching for an occupation, particularly an occupation where the â€Å"starting pay is BD 5,000 ascending to BD 9,000†. In the advertisement it is additionally referenced that â€Å"opportunities for advancement are available†. We will compose a custom article test on Commercial Analysis: work for sharp youthful school leavers or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now 2) An adaptable applicant would be expected to fill the activity in Awali clinic just as any medical clinic, since consistent consideration is required with the goal that the patients can get the most ideal treatment. the specialist would be expected to ‘hook up’ or fix clinical and different sorts of gear, similar to x-beam machines or even lights. 3) We had as a main priority numerous choices for distributing the advertisement. We considered placing the promotion in specific employments magazines however in the wake of directing a little survey at some point in the past we found that the Gulf Daily News was the most understood paper, and was perused by numerous understudies which was the intended interest group. 4) We requested that the candidates compose an application structure just as sending a supporting letter to show how much the candidate really needs the activity and furthermore to dissect the applicant’s English capacity and standard. Additionally you can peruse Analysis July at the Multiplex 5) A proper meeting s not adequate to test all the needed data, that’s why we decided to test the candidates, we can likewise structure the test to test them on anything we believe we need to test them on. 6) We issue a lot of terms and conditions to our staff heretofore to ensure that they completely comprehend the emergency clinic approach and can consider a portion of the advantages, for example, â€Å"sickness advantage scheme† which will be a special reward. Additionally, workers realize how long occasion they get in a year and close to what we have exceptionally concurred on. 7) Our representatives have joined an association which exists to speak to and secure the interests of the their individuals, and to offer guidance and data on an entire scope of issues, for example, pay, benefits, debilitated compensation, conditions, occasions, hours, redundancies, preparing, wellbeing and security and changes in the working practices. The enormous favorable position for a specialist is that an association can partake in â€Å"collective bargaining† this is the point at which the association implies the representative and offers to haggle with the business, examining any uncertain issues in the work environment. Peruse also Case 302 July in Multiplex 8) We stress our standards of equivalent open doors in our advert to point and give all people indistinguishable rights and openings paying little mind to what their identity is. Furthermore, we expected to follow the Sex and Discrimination Act which forestalls any sex segregation in the work place. We additionally follow the Race Relations Act that was passed in 1976 under this demonstration nobody ought to be oppressed their race. We additionally follow the Disability Discrimination Act which was passed in 1995 by and large, we have faith in equivalent rights in this way we will take anybody, any race, any sex, regardless of whether incapacitated or not as long as they are devoted to the activity. The most effective method to refer to Advertisement Analysis: work for sharp youthful school leavers, Papers

Management by Objectives The Definitive Guide

Management by Objectives â€" The Definitive Guide When it comes to managing organizations, there are plenty of theories available for companies to use. Among the most popular is the model of Management by Objectives. In this guide, we’ll explore the concept and the basic principles guiding the objective-focused approach to management.We’ll explore the key features and outline the strengths and weaknesses of the approach. The guide will also explain the steps an organization needs to take in order to implement the approach as well as examine a few examples of companies using the approach. WHAT IS MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVES ALL ABOUT?Management by Objectives (MBO) as a concept first appeared in a 1954 book The Practice of Management. The author, Peter Drucker, has since become known as one of the world’s most influential business experts. Aside from developing the ideas around MBO, Drucker has revolutionized the corporate world with his views and theories on essential things such as leadership. His other famous books include The Effective Executive and Management Challenges for 21st Century.In The Practice of Management, Drucker examined the different schools of management, from the classical to the human relations theories. He felt the problem of these theories was how effectiveness was assumed a natural and expected outcome of management. He saw effectiveness to be more important than efficiency, creating the foundation for organizations to operate and therefore an integral part of focus for organizations. Due to the findings, Drucker set forth certain principles and processes that would create effectiveness in the relations between the management and the employees.Therefore, Management by Objectives is“a management model that aims to improve performance of an organisation by clearly defining objectives that are agreed to by both management and employees”.The aim is to create a more harmonious relationship between the management and the employees and enhance the operational efficiency of the organization. According to Drucker, this is best achieved if the goal setting and action planning is determined by both the management and the employees.Furthermore, Drucker’s MBO is based on a few core principles, which are:Challenging yet achievable goalsDaily feedback on achieving objectivesFocus on rewarding good behavior rather than punishing failureEmphasis on personal growth and developmentDrucker wanted MBO to align organizational goals with employees’ personal objectives. The focus on a common challenge, set by different players within the organization, would help each person understand their responsibilities better and move everyone towards the target with speed. The model hopes to increase participation and commitment among employees, but also the different layers of management. Furthermore, it supports operational and employee maturity and responsibility.The key part of success is MBO’s ability to clarify and align the roles and responsibilities of different people within the organization, which will lead to enhanced effectiveness and quicker achievement of goals. But in addition, Drucker was interested in the ability of the model to improve employee satisfaction and personal fulfillment of the different people within an organization. Peter Drucker saw Management by Objectives as a tool to help organizations identify and achieve goals, even though it might not be the solutions to end all ailments.The participative and democratic model of MBO has become a popular philosophy of management in today’s corporate wor ld. The ideas of Drucker have been refined and used to establish and implement the model in a variety of industries. For each organization or a manager, the detailed, in-depth definition of MBO might slightly differ, but Drucker’s core tenets still hold. If you want to hear more about how the MBO model can be viewed, watch the video below. In it, Dr Fredmund Malik shares his insights on the concept. THE FEATURES OF MBOLet’s delve deeper into the features that make the MBO model operate. The section will first examine the basic principles of the model, before taking a closer look at one of the key features of setting the objectives: the SMART model.The key featuresFive features or elements are central to the Management by Objectives model. Drucker saw these as the basic principles of the model and each element helps with the long-term implementation of the model.Superior-subordinate participationAs mentioned above, the MBO model emphasizes the democratic and participative leaders hip and decision-making. It asks for involvement of the different stakeholders, from low- to high-level management and the employees. Therefore, the model can’t obtain it’s full potential unless the participation between the superior and the subordinate is equal. Both superiors and subordinates have to buy-in in the program and to fully understand the model and its benefits.The key is to create an environment where objective-setting is considered a joint activity by both the subordinates and the superiors. The input to identify objectives and the follow up with responsibilities must be commonly shared. It doesn’t require the setting of same objectives or responsibilities, as hierarchies can still play a role and job descriptions are naturally different. Nonetheless, both parties need to be aware that both participants should have a say in the determining of the objectives and roles.The management and the subordinates need to work hand in hand to define and to fulfill the goals for the organization. This means discussions on the viability and the difficulties that either party might face. The idea is that once each stakeholder participates in the goal-setting, there’s also more clarity in terms of how to obtain these goals. Therefore, it isn’t merely the objectives superiors and subordinates must agree on; they must also agree on the processes to achieve the goals.Joint goal-settingBoth parties need to fully subscribe to the joint process, but MBO further emphasizes the need for the goals to be realistic and tangible. It’s not only about getting superiors and subordinates to agree on a goal, but they also must find the objectives attainable. Therefore, by setting the goals together, the aim is to ensure the objectives are set based on actual capabilities and abilities of the team.In essence, the superiors can bring knowledge of resources and the requirements, while the subordinates can help determine the speed and ability in which goals can be achie ved. The equal input and information is thought to ensure the goals are not set with unrealistic aims in mind.Furthermore, during the joint goal-setting, the objective is to guarantee the goals will be tangible, verifiable and measurable. This is closely associated with the SMART method, which is an acronym for Specific, Measurable, Acceptable, Realistic and Time-bound, and we’ll return to it later.Joint decisions on methodologyThe main difference of MBO to other management styles is its lack of focus in terms of the processes that are used to achieve the objectives. The most important part of organizational efficiency in the MBO model is the objectives. The focus is on ensuring these are set through a participative framework and enough attention is paid on ensuring the goals are realistic and attainable. But this means there’s less focus on the process of achieving them. Nonetheless, when it comes to deciding the methodology, the superiors and subordinates must work together.De ciding the methodology is not focused on the small detail and attention is not on the process at any point. However, the idea is to set up certain standards and performance evaluation points to guarantee the objectives are appropriately obtained. Although the focus must be on setting the objectives, the key is to ensure the broad framework of methodology (how to achieve the objectives) is jointly decided and agree upon. This further strengthens the participation levels and it can help in ensuring the objectives are realistic.Easy to attain maximum goalsThe process emphasizes rational thinking. As mentioned, the goals must be realistic and achievable, which further helps to guarantee the model helps achieve maximum results. The participative framework and attainability of the goals ensures organizational efficiency and it makes achieving success more straightforward. The systematic approach can help organizations to create a rational approach to approaching objectives.Since the focus is on setting the objectives and only a broad framework of methodology, the model could provide a bit more breathing room for the superiors and subordinates in terms of execution. The system has in-built freedom, which allows creative decision-making, since the only important part is to set realistic objectives and achieve them. The freedom can motivate and help subordinates, especially, to perform to the maximum ability.Support and coachingFinally, a key element of MBO focuses on the support system. The model facilitates effective communication as it forces the superiors to talk with the subordinates. Requiring co-operation in terms of goal-setting, the two stakeholders are forced to discuss things more authentically and openly. Since the goals must be realistic, both parties need to be aware of the positive and negative forces influencing the structures at play.For the model to work, the superiors must be able to offer appropriate support and coaching structures. The improved rel ationships should help create an environment where sharing problems become easier. In order to ensure the objectives are met, superiors want to support and help develop subordinates.The SMART approachAs mentioned above, Drucker’s model focuses on using the SMART approach in order to set the objectives. The Specific, Measurable, Acceptable, Realistic and Time-bound model ensures the objectives are efficient and effective. It acts as a checklist for setting the objectives and it provides an opportunity for transparency within the organization as well. It’s a feature providing clarity and efficiency to goal-setting.Below chart outlines how to make a goal SMART:SpecificDetermine what it is you want to achieve. You need to have a clearly defined reason and avoid broad idea of what the focus on. A specific goal is one that answers questions such as:What? Where? How? When? With whom? Why?MeasurableThe objective also needs to be quantified. You want to break it down to elements, which c an be individually measured.AcceptableAcceptable goals emphasize the attainability of them. This is about deciding whether the goal has meaning in the current situation.RealisticYou also need to ensure the goals are realistic. The team must be able to set objectives that can be achieved, either with the resource limitations or labor limitations in mind, for example.TimelyObjectives must also have a specific timeline to guarantee success. You need to have different deadlines in mind to boost measurability of the objectives and ensure it is a realistic goal.ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF MBOThe above has detailed the concept and the basic features of the model. But what do these features mean in practice? To understand the model, you also need to consider the strengths and weaknesses of the approach.Advantages of MBOMBO has plenty of advantages relating to the operational effectiveness and the enhanced relationships between the different stakeholders. Drucker thought of effectiveness as something the management has to focus on and through the communicative and participative style, organizations can improve the rate at which they achieve the objectives.In essence, the fact that objectives are organization-wide and they are appropriately discussed prior to setting them, the organization can enjoy from heightened effectiveness. Creating a system in which objectives are not done in secret, employees and managers feel more engaged with the system.Management by Objectives increases participation. As people feel more engaged with decision-making and planning, they will also feel more motivated. The work effort and input have a direct impact, with the employee or manager’s understanding of the situation resulting in a beneficial situation for all.Since the organization is interested in the input and good behavior is rewarded, the person will feel more inclined to work hard, develop his or her skills, and achieve the objectives, as they don’t just benefit the organi zation but also the employee. Both increased participation and motivation can further lead to higher job satisfaction. The employee will feel engaged and valued. The work has an actual meaning, which can ensure they remain interested and satisfied.The model guarantees the different layers within the organization are paid attention to. Management hierarchies are understood, which helps devise strategies for deeper inclusion. Management at all levels has a say in operational objectives, together with the inclusion of employees. Studies have shown how better inclusion of different opinions and backgrounds can not just result in better results, but also improve the relationship.When management and employees are not divided and kept secret, communication between the two groups improves. The strong feedback systems of MBO provide people the opportunity to improve the work input, but also to self-development. The ability to voice opinions without the fear of punishment creates an environme nt of trust and respect. Both managers and employees feel appreciated and respected, which builds mutual trust and understanding. As communication becomes better, the organization will benefit. Job satisfaction is higher and effectiveness to reach operational goals improves.While the above are major benefits for organizations, the theory also has the major advantage of being easily applicable in different situations. The model doesn’t require a specific sized organization and the model can work in a number of different industries. In essence, the model is easily scaled to suit the needs of the organization and it could be used organization wide or applied in a specific department. Setting up is rather straightforward and the cost of implementing the model is modest.Disadvantages of MBOAlthough the model can increase organizational effectiveness and have a positive impact on the relationships, there are certain disadvantages to using the model. While the MBO model is a straightforw ard one with clear steps of implementation, it does require a systematic approach to implementation.For the model to work efficiently, the approach has to be followed rigorously, which can be time-consuming and difficult to maintain. In essence, the model requires careful monitoring and enforcing even after the initial stage, which adds pressure on the organization in terms of resources.The model is rather rigid, resulting in a situation where the rules and processes must be followed. This requires knowledge, time and resources. The MBO model brings about plenty of paperwork in the form of training manuals, feedback forms, and performance data collection. The rigid system can add extra burden on staff and reduce motivation.Furthermore, as the name suggests, Management by Objectives emphasizes organizational objectives above the outcome or even the action. The focus is on setting the objectives and discovering the right objectives, with resources, time and effort flowing to this part of the process. But this reduces attention on the actual outcomes.If the objectives are met as laid out, the lack of the desired outcome is not necessarily an issue for the organization, even though it perhaps should be. In addition to lack of attention on the outcomes, there isn’t enough emphasis on the processes. Lack of focus on the process that led to the outcome can hinder the operational efficiency or result in practices, which are not beneficial for the organization.Although clearly defined objectives can make achieving desirable outcome easier, experts argue it isn’t always the most important thing. Heightened focus on objectives can lead to the exclusion of certain elements that could influence the planning in the first place. The model doesn’t consider the environment, available resources, stakeholder needs, and other such key elements, as the focus is just on aligning operational and individual objectives.Furthermore, since the focus is on the objectives and achiev ing them, people can become disengaged from the wider organization. The employee and the manager will become transfixed in their own set of objectives, which can lead to the polarization of effort. People simply focus on their own set of objectives instead of looking at the wider picture.The model can also result in a lack of innovation, as it could discourage risk-taking. Since the emphasis is on rewarding behavior that meets the objectives, people can start setting objectives, which are easy to obtain. Effectiveness becomes the key goal for employees and managers, which can in short mean people are relying on strategies that have worked in the past. Innovation and creativity can suffer as a result of this complacency.Finally, while the model can lead to improved motivation and employee satisfaction, the reward-focused system can have its drawbacks as well. While punishment structures might not be set in place, the system of getting rewards based on performance can add pressure on the employee and the manager. This could result in unrealistic expectations and goals, which can diminish motivation or lead to loss in job satisfaction.FIVE STEPS TO IMPLEMENTING MANAGEMENT BY OBJECTIVESHow can Management by Objectives be implemented? As mentioned in the previous section, the application of the model has to be systematic in order for it to work. To implement it in an organization, the following five steps are crucial for success. Drucker laid out the steps in his book and they are key to putting the model into practice.Step 1: Determining the organizational objectivesFirst part of the model calls for the identification of the organizational objectives. These can be either the objectives currently in place or the objectives that needs to be set. Without setting the organizational objectives, the next steps of the model are not able to work and don’t even make much sense.The organizational objectives are based on the mission and the vision of the organization. Ther efore, if the organization doesn’t have a clearly defined vision and mission, the first step is to outline it. Once a vision is established, the organization is able to draw the objectives from the mission statement. Furthermore, the process refers to the identification of Key-Result Areas (KRAs). An example vision of KRA is outlined below:Example Indicators of PerformanceKey Results AreasIndicators of PerformanceReturn/ProfitReturn on Revenue,Donations to Sales RatioNet profitProductivity$ sales per employeeUnits produced per monthsPeople developmentPercent ethnic hireDays of training per employeeMarket penetrationPercent of market sharePercent growth by productIn terms of the organizational objectives, the decision-making is in the hands of the top executives. The organizational objectives should be decided after consultation with the entire management team, but the organizational objectives are distinct from the other objectives outlined by the model. This is down to the nature of these broader operational requirements. In essence, the objectives are not necessarily set by anyone, but stem from the vision.Step 2: Explaining the objectives to employeesOnce the organizational objectives have been identified, it’s time to translate them to employee level. This means turning the organization-wide objectives into detailed operational level objectives that are defined in terms of the different parts of the organization. The aim is to guarantee each employee is aware of the objectives, but also participate in the process.For the second step to work, the SMART method must be applied. The Acceptable aspect of the SMART method is especially key at this stage, as it refers to an agreement between the superiors and the subordinates. The part of the method is about ensuring the goals fit the current situation and are attainable by all. Therefore, it requires both the employees and the organization to agree on the terms of the objectives. The goals cannot be determin ed by one side, but require the involvement of both, even it it’s technically just about the buy-in.According to the principle of the MBO model, the management can’t determine objectives without the input from the employees. This doesn’t just relate to the defining of the objectives, but also explaining them to the employees. The organizational objectives have to be recognizable by the employees, with the specific responsibilities of each employee identifiable in relation to these goals.Therefore, the step is about establishing clear communication routes between the superior and the subordinates. It is about understanding and identifying the expectations of both parties and creating the feedback structures to enhance the communication, making the following steps easier.Get superior communication skills by thinking fast and talking smartly. Step 3: Stimulating further participation of employeesDuring stage three, the focus is on deepening the joint involvement in defining objec tives and achieving goals. As the model is about aligning personal objectives of the employee with the organizational objectives, the third step focuses on establishing this part. The organizational objectives should now have been discussed properly and the different aspects of the goals should have been clearly explained to the employees. Each person within the organization should be aware of what is required of them and why the specific requirements are important. In short, the organizations vision and goals have to be clear.With the clarified understanding of the organizations needs and aims, the employees can become more involved in determining their own specific contribution. The idea is to move beyond expectations and to achieve participation instead. MBO guarantees the employees are aware of the expectations, but also have the opportunity to actively engage with the expectations.The decision-making process, in terms of the detailed objectives, is shared and the management sho uld include the employee input at this stage. The process requires the alignment of the organizational objectives, the business unit objectives, the departmental objectives, the team’s objectives, with the personal objectives of the employee.The employee’s responsibility at this point is to ensure the actions they take enhance the achievement of all of the above points. For the management, the key is to provide the resources and the support the employees need in order to perform their tasks.Step 4: Monitoring progressA big part of the SMART method emphasizes the aspect of measurability. Under the MBO model, the objectives will need to be measured or the system doesn’t function properly. Each objective must entail smaller objectives, with the superiors focused on supporting the subordinates and monitoring the progress. The larger idea behind Drucker’s model was about development and growth.Therefore, the focus of the superiors shouldn’t be on performance and reviewing this aspect of the tasks. The more important focus is on noticing how the employee is developing. The evaluation has to focus on growth, as well as the obtaining of the objectives.Therefore, the two main aspects of the monitoring process are creating objectives which are measurable and outlining personal development goals which align with the objectives. You can see the connection between the main objectives of the organization and the personal objectives individual employees set. When it comes to monitoring progress, the alignment becomes obvious and part of the success of the model. If the monitoring shows the organizational objectives are being met, the employees are most likely to experience personal growth.Step 5: Evaluating and rewarding achievementsThe final stage is about evaluating the progress and rewarding the right behavior on the basis of the findings. The monitoring stage must lead to evaluation of the performance, which means all the five stages work in harmony. As mention ed above, you can take any stage as a one-off event, but each stage leads to the other. At the final stage, the information from the previous step will lead to the evaluation, which in turn will set the company to check the organizational objectives.The idea of the MBO model is to improve performance and therefore evaluation is crucial. A comprehensive system for analyzing employee behavior must be in place. Again, if the SMART method has been used to set the objectives, evaluation becomes easy. The objectives are measurable, timely and applicable, creating the framework in which the analysis can take place.Each objective and its mini goals can be looked in the SMART context and immediately evaluated to see whether the performance has been good or bad. In terms of the individual, the evaluation is based on understanding how well the person has been able to set those individual goals and objectives. The idea is to focus on the why, when and how the objectives can be obtained.Furtherm ore, after the evaluation has been conducted, the employee should receive a reward for good behavior. The model uses positive reinforcement and not negative punishments. The emphasis must be on providing feedback and rewards, not punishing for poor performance. The final stage tests the feedback structure within the organization and its important to ensure to communication flows from one department to another, not only from the immediate superior to subordinate.EXAMPLES OF COMPANIES THAT HAVE USED MBODue to the benefits Management by Objectives model can provide for companies, the model has been widely used in the business world. Since Drucker outlined his model, a number of organizations have applied the above steps to seek out improved productiveness and enhances sales. Few of the most notable examples include companies such as Hewlett-Packard, Xerox and Intel.The computer company Hewlett-Packard used the model to create a system where objectives were discussed at each managerial level, creating a system of integrated objectives, following the MBO model. The organization used written plans as part of its method, ensuring the objectives and the steps to achieve them were appropriately understood by each employee.Bill Packard later claimed, “No operating policy has contributed more to Hewlett-Packard’s success…MBO…is the antithesis of management by control.” He believed the model creates an environment where employees are not just working for the benefit of the organization, but the personal growth aspect ensures employees gain while enhancing the organizations success rate. The organization-wide plan has enough focus on the details, but also the bigger picture.The model is also widely used at Intel, with the company’s Manager’s Guide providing directions on using the approach. Each manager at Intel must:Begin by choosing a few overriding objectives for the team.Establish objectives with subordinates that are aligned with the manager’s overridi ng objectives.Provide the subordinates the chance to set the processes, which help them achieve the goals.Like Hewlett-Packard, Intel also uses a written model to help clarify the specific aims and targets. The document makes it easier to convey the key messages of the MBO model: what the organization is hoping to achieve, what the employee has to do in order to help receive these objectives and what the responsibility of each individual is. According to Andy Grove, who helped establish the model at Intel, the model is used at Intel and in other organizations as a system, which provides a focus for the organization.The final example of an organization, which believes its operational strengths have been boosted by the MBO model, is Xerox. The organization has established a system where management and subordinates meet regularly to set objectives and to discover solutions to problems and opportunities.Xerox uses MBO to set benchmarks for performance and to use these to improve the qua lity of service it provides across the different departments. According to one study of the management system at Xerox, the MBO model has provided the company better strategic control. The review believes the management system is “flexible enough to adopt to environmental changes both from within and outside the company”.The above examples provide an insight into the companies utilizing the system. A number of organizations continue to vouch for the model, as they feel the systematic approach to management has helped the organization to boost productivity and employee engagement. For further information on the practical application of the Management by Objectives model watch the below video where Ben Griffin, the founder of CEOIQ, explains how MBO works in practice. FINAL THOUGHTSManagement by objectives has become a popular management theory. The focus on creating an environment where decisions are not top-down, but each member of the organization has the ability to influence h as proven to be a popular method. The democratic and participative theory can provide organizations plenty of benefits in terms of improving employee engagement and satisfaction. When the organizations can guarantee people are more involved with the objectives and processes, it can expect to enjoy benefits such as improved productivity and profitability.The model is carefully thought trough and the systematic approach can be rather straightforward to implement. The main objective of the model is to ensure objectives are at the core of everything the organization does and to ensure there’s enough attention paid to ensuring the objectives are well established and understood across the company.On the other hand, the rigid approach can be problematic and purely focusing on the objectives can hinder the performance. MBO, as any other management theory, requires careful implementation in order to work efficiently and effectively.

Significance And Influence Of The French Revolution

Significance and Influence: The French Revolution Among the crucial revolutions and movements of Europe and the world, The French Revolution is the most significant. Although the American Revolution happened 10 years earlier, the political and social changes in France between the years of 1789 and the close of the 18th century revolutionized not just France but the entire world in the decades and centuries to come. This was noticeable in the sister republics that followed France’s example soon after the Revolution. The significance of the French revolution is evident in the example that it set, the changes it made to the organization of society, and the recognition of basic human rights make the French Revolution that were influential in France and elsewhere. Like the American Revolution before it, the French Revolution was influenced by Enlightenment ideals, particularly the concepts of popular sovereignty and inalienable rights. This Revolution played a critical role in shaping modern nations by showing the wo rld the power inherent in the will of the people. It led to a global decline in monarchies and church led governments and more towards a Republic. Politics before the French Revolution involved three groups: the clergy, nobility and middle-class. The first two were those who owned land and the monarchs. These groups made the laws and collected taxes. Everyone else was basically powerless when it came to making laws and taxes and theyShow MoreRelatedIndustrial Revolution Impact on the French Revolution1310 Words   |  6 PagesThe French Revolution was influenced by previous events. The idea of treating everyone equally was a cutting-edge view in the eighteenth century. Also novel was the notion that people in the lower social stratum should obtain access to commodities previously reserved for only the upper class. This cultural change for the majority of the populace, focused on promoting the ownership of manufactured goods, also impacted the French Revolution. The industrial c hange, however, had a longer impact thatRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Revolution Of The Late 1700 S1280 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Revolution, along with many revolutions occurring throughout Central America, were all directly inspired by the French Revolution of the late 1700’s. Evidence of this can be seen simply by looking back at world history. History shows that many philosophies of the American Revolution were actually ideas that either closely parallel or are directly taken from the writing of various French scholars, such as Voltaire and The Baron De Montesquieu. The very essence of American politics, DemocracyRead MoreThe French Revolution During The 19th Century Essay1481 Words   |  6 Pageseconomic, cultural and social revolutions. The people wanted change and brought about revolt against their government. The revolution instigated the act of liberty and equality for all people and generated fair living standards and/or social classes and treat ment. This prompted expansions of political forces including but not limited to the democracy and nationalism. Questioning the authority of kings, priests and nobles it provided new principles and gave significance to the current political andRead MoreFemale Dominance And Grisly Details Of The Haitian Revolution857 Words   |  4 PagesHistorians are increasingly interested in the male dominance and gruesome details of the Haitian Revolution. Unfortunately, the contributions of women in the Haitian Revolution are often overlooked by historians due to the horrors of the revolution. The few more works that do exist about women discuss their roles in slavery and their resistance in the Haitian Revolution. In recent years, some scholars are challenging the lack of women representation in the Haitian War of Independence. Scholars likeRead MoreInfluence Of Benjamin Franklin On American Revolution889 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican Revolution Benjamin Franklin was one of the most celebrated of America’s founding fathers. A man who enjoyed many things and â€Å"he had many talents such as a printer a diplomat, a scientist, an inventor, a philosopher, an educator, and a public servant.† (â€Å"Benjamin Franklin†) As stated in Britannica, he was born in Boston on January 17, 1706 and died at the age of 84 on April 17, 1790. He was the He was very involved in the American Revolution. What did he do for the American Revolution? WaysRead MoreThe French Revolution And The Haitian Revolution1161 Words   |  5 PagesIn 1789, locations across the globe were affected by the French Revolution. This was a revolt initiated by the people that would change France forevermore, but it also changed Haiti. Unexpectedly, the French Revolution had a significant influence on the Haitian Revolution, a major slave revolt where slaves forcefully took their freedom for the first time in history. The French Revolution impacte d the Haitian Revolution by changing the mindsets of the people, inspiring the Haitian Constitution, andRead MoreRole of Ideas in the French and Russian Revolutions1432 Words   |  6 PagesCount: 1511 How important was the role of ideas in the outbreak of revolution? When comparing the French Revolution of 1789 and Russian October Revolution of 1917, a series of parallels become evident. Both revolutionary groups became determined with an extensive emergence of new ideas, which captured a strong majority of the respective populations. The importance of the ideas was critical to maintaining a drive for the revolutions considering they acted as a manifestation of what the public and theRead MoreThe Age of Revolutions1515 Words   |  7 PagesThe Age of Revolutions is often a term used for a period of time, usually between 1760 -1848. Although the term encompasses many revolutions across the globe, it isn’t very often that these events are examined as a whole; compared and contrasted to show the similarities, differences, and even some potential catalytic properties between them. The book The Age of Revolutions in Global Context, c. 1760-1840, put together and edited by David Armitage and Sanjay Subrahmanyam, is a book of essays collaborated Read MoreThe Major Works of Thomas Carlyle Essay1582 Words   |  7 Pagesto the nature of the present (Sanders, page 399). The literature of Victorian England is infused with the scientific as well as the humanitarian spirit, the romantic as well as the didactic note. It was essentially an Age of Prose- the direct influence of the growth in science and the questioning spirit -with great progress in critical prose writing. The inconsistent features of the early Victorian Britain were clearly reflected in the pamphlets, essays, lectures, and books of Carlyle, the greatestRead MoreThe Russian Nobles And Aristocrats927 Words   |  4 Pageswanted to get rid of the boyars, however in the early seventeenth century, a boyar by the name of Mikhail Romanov, tried to establish a dynasty to consolidate its own authority but still being able to compete with nearby powers. Third Estate- The French social society was broken up into three estates the first being the clergy, the second is consisted of the nobility; and the third estate is basically everyone else from wealthy financiers to beggars and peasants. The third estate had occupations

Theme Of Betrayal In The Kite Runner - 1148 Words

To maintain a healthy relationship, trust must be built between people. However, actions can change the course of that relationship based on one decision. Throughout the novel, the readers get a glimpse of how choices the characters make can change the outcome of their lives. Throughout The Kite Runner, Khaled Hosseini uses the theme of betrayal to demonstrate the domino effect it can have on relationships. Everything that happened in the novel started with Baba and the decisions he made a long time ago. Ali was Babas servant, forcing them to grow up together. Although the two were forced to get to know each other, they would end up becoming great friends. However, Baba ended up committing adultery with Ali’s wife,†¦show more content†¦Your father, like you, was a tortured soul, Amir jan. (301) If Baba did not keep his sinful act a secret, it could have possibly changed some of Amir’s actions and the outcome of Hassan’s life. Rahim Khan also plays a role in the outcome of The Kite Runner. Rahim Khan knew about Baba’s incident and keep it a secret for Baba’s sake, but ended up hurting others in the long run. Rahim was not happy with the fact that he had to keep it a secret, but he was doing it to protect Baba’s name, I am ashamed for the lies we told you all those years. You were right to be angry in Peshawar. You had a right to know. So did Hassan. I know it doesn’t absolve anything, but the Kabul we lived in in those days was a strange world, one in which some things mattered more than the truth. (301) Rahim Khan knew that if people knew the truth behind Hassan’s birth, it could cause more harm than good. While living with this secret, Rahim knew that Baba did everything he could to try and make up for the guilt he had, I loved him because he was my friend, but also because he was a good man, maybe even a great man. And this is what I want you to understand, that good, real good, was born out of your father’s remorse. Sometimes, I think everything he did, feeding the poor on the streets, building the orphanage, giving money to friends in need, it was all his way of redeeming himself. And that, I believe, is what true redemption is, Amir jan, whenShow MoreRelatedTheme Of Betrayal In The Kite Runner1331 Words   |  6 PagesBetrayal: Looking Into Eyes To Forgive Or Ripping Them Out Because Of It Even as literature has multiple genres, themes can still parallel each other regardless of appearing in two altogether varying works very different authors of distinctly separate time frames conceive and write. Even as The Kite Runner is written as a work of historical fiction and Oedipus Rex develops a well known and praisable Greek tragedy, a theme of betrayal places itself throughout both. Literature demonstrates that moralsRead MoreThe Themes Of Betrayal And Redemption In The Kite Runner1858 Words   |  8 Pages The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini is a historical fiction novel set mostly in Kabul, Afghanistan and Fremont, California. The novel spans the time periods before, during, and after the reign of the Russians (1979-1989) and the Taliban’s takeover (1996) of Afghanistan. It is told through the first person perspective of Amir alongside his father, Baba, his half-brother, Hassan, and Baba’s companions Ali and Rahim Khan. Growing up, Amir and Hassan are practi cally inseparable, as they are always playingRead MoreTheme Of Betrayal In The Kite Runner745 Words   |  3 Pages Betrayal is breaking a trust between a person or group, it can happen when one least expects it. In the novel, The Kite Runner, By Khaled Hosseini, irony is utilized to represent betrayal. There are two different situations in the novel where betrayal is present, in which two different characters do so but they face a difficult challenge to manage the guilt that is brought behind the betrayal. Betrayal is something hard to cope with, whether you are the one that betrayed or you being the victimRead MoreAnalysis Of The Kite Runner And Oedipus Rex 1309 Words   |  6 Pagesgenres, themes can still parallel each other regardless that they will appear in two altogether varying works conceived and written by very different authors and in distinctly separate timeframes. Even as The Kite Runner is written as a work of historical fiction and Oedipus Rex develops a well known and praised Greek tragedy, a theme of betrayal places itself throughout both. Literature demonstrates that morals can genuinely be learned through any method. In both pieces of literature, betrayal is aRead MoreHistory Now1070 Words   |  5 PagesDue Date Tasks Friday, 2/3/2012 Begin Unit: Loyalty and Betrayal, Section A, Order and Chaos Order and Chaos: Introduction Section Warm-Up: Product Loyalty Loyalty vs. Betrayal Literary Elements: Symbolism Tutorial: Symbols and Symbolism Reading 1: Two Kinds, by Amy Tan Practice: Symbolism Loyalty and Betrayal Theme Quiz, 40 points Friday, 2/10/2012 Begin Unit: Loyalty and Betrayal, Section B, Context Context: Introduction Section Warm-Up: A Context Riddle Reading 2: from CommunistsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1422 Words   |  6 PagesPranav Dantu Mr. Bal Honors English 10 20 December 2017 The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini Summary: The Kite Runner is a historical fiction novel written by Khaled Hosseini. The novel is written in a first-person point of view tracing the journey of redemption of an Afghan native named Amir. Amir grows up wealthy and privileged by Afghan standards and is surrounded mostly by his father and his friend, Hassan. Hassan was a less fortunate boy who belonged to the lower caste of the Afghanis, the HazarasRead MoreAnalysis Of Khaled Hosseini s The Kite Runner 1161 Words   |  5 PagesKhaled Hosseini reveals the subject of friendship and loyalty in The Kite Runner. Khaled Hosseini advocates that in friendship, there must be loyalty, kindness, and trust. The theme of loyalty plays a tremendous role in The Kite Runner through Hassan and Amir. Amir and Hassan grow up together in Kabul, Afghanistan. Amir lives in a house with his father, Baba. Hassan and his father, Ali, live on the same piece of property as Amir and Baba because Hassan and Ali are their servants. Although HassanRead MoreT he Kite Runner-Socratic Motivation1310 Words   |  6 PagesAmelia Fong Amanatullah English 2H P1 11 October 2017 The Kite Runner - Socratic Seminar Questions and Answers Supplementary Text Questions: Conflict --AOW: The Difference Between Guilt and Shame by Joseph Burgo What conflict do the two characters share, making themselves similar to each other? Do both Amir and Baba feel guilt and shame through their actions? In the novel, by Khaled Hosseini, the reader learns that both Amir and Baba have betrayed the people closest to them: Amir betrayed HassanRead MoreTheme Of Violence In The Kite Runner1133 Words   |  5 Pagesall have one trait in common; To be accepted. Although, in trying to become accepted, we can lose friendships and trust from people we love, but far worse we could lose ourselves, trying to be accepted for someone we are not. In the novel â€Å"The Kite Runner† by Khaled Hossieni, we as the reader see many different situations in witch Amir is putting his real self aside and taking his anger out and betraying someone very close to Baba and Amir himself, closer than the reader and the protagonist AmirRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1695 Words   |  7 Pages The Kite Runner, written by Khaled Hosseini, is a famous novel for its honest portrait of betrayal, and redemption. The novel is narrated by fictional character, Amir, who starts a new life in America with his wife, Soraya, and is a successful author who tries to escape from his haunted childhood in Afghanistan.. Amir is the son of wealthy Afghan businessman, Baba. The opening chapters are told by an older Amir explaining about his childhood. As a reader, one will notice that every joy experienced

Erp as Software as a Service (Saas) for Smes Free Essays

ERP as Software as a Service *(*SaaS*)* for SMEs Table of Contents Page Abstract The main barriers for implementing ERP systems in SMEs were constraints in terms of resources and information, implementation time escalations, poorly defined organisational structures, weak formalisation of procedures or processes, unclear and also confused understanding amongst the employees and management. There are various methods to overcome the barriers of implementing ERP solutions in SMEs. This include coming up with a realistic value-adding processes required to be incorporated in the proposed ERP system, providing effective education on ERP systems, making sure as a vendors, they do not just provide lip service and to involve everyone in the whole system’s lifecycle. We will write a custom essay sample on Erp as Software as a Service (Saas) for Smes or any similar topic only for you Order Now Software-as-a-service (SaaS) is an online delivery of softwares (Dubey Wagle 2007). The model is uncomplicated and appealing wherein companies signs up to the use the solution which is hosted by the vendors that sells and/or develops the software rather than spending large sums on an application such as ERP and Customer Relationship Management (CRM) and installing this software on individual machines (Dubey Wagle 2007; Banham 2008). All of the major software vendors are now offering its solution on SaaS model basis – SAP, Microsoft, IBM, Oracle and Salesforce. com are all staking their claims. Introduction SME Definition â€Å"companies with less than 250 employees, total assets under 27 million Euros,_ independent privately held_ and _ _owner-managers or their families manage the company personally (Loecher 2000; Sogorb 2002)†. _ Why ERP vendors are focusing on SME’s Barriers to implementation of ERP systems in SME’s It was found that the main barriers for implementing ERP systems in SMEs were: constraints in terms of resources and info rmation, implementation time escalations, poorly defined organisational framework, informal and also non-orderly procedures or processes, unclear and also confused understanding amongst the employees and management. Each of these factors is now discussed in turn. _Figure 1: ERP implementation issues (source: Bernroider Leseure 2005)_ How ERP vendors can overcome these barriers SaaS Technology Some other advantages of working with SaaS models include: low introduction and subscription costs and faster initiating speed (Kaplan 2005; Torbacki 2008), elimination of license and upgrade costs (Torbacki 2008), predictability of costs (Torbacki 2008), ow TCO costs (Total Cost of Ownership) due to lack of necessity of major investments in servers, databases and maintenance (Torbacki 2008), generating a greater ROI than traditional software packages (Kaplan 2005) no requirement of installing any software on a workstation (Torbacki 2008), online access from any location with an Internet connection (Torbacki 2008), continuous opportunity to the newest software versions and business technologies (Torbacki 2008), customers no longer require the large support staff for applications (Bontis Chung 2000; Kaplan 2005) {draw:frame} Figure 2: Types of SaaS used or considering of using (source: Kaplan 2009)_ An example of one vendor’s SaaS offering Nationwide Express Farwest Steel Corporation SaaS alternatives have become more pervasive and observed fast development, and their cost-effectiveness, operational reliability become more obvious and there are a growing number of enterprises of all sizes that are generating performance improvements and measurable cost savings as a result of adopting SaaS. For SaaS vendors, they must focus on make possible easier deployments to avoid the need for pricey consultation support. Also they should truly deliver lower total cost of ownership (TCO) and offer more robust strategies for integration that acknowledges the current volatile environments and also in the near future. Finally, the SaaS solutions offered must be simpler, more agile, more robust, and more intuitive and worthy of all the investments allocated. References Banham, R 2008, ‘Up and Away – Companies are feeling a little less trapped by spreadsheets these days’, CFO Magazine, viewed 19 October 2009, Bernroider, E. W. N Leseure, M. J 2005, ‘Enterprise resource planning (ERP) diffusion and characteristics according to the system’s lifecycle: A comparative view of small-to-medium sized and large enterprises’, Working Papers on Information Processing and Information Management, Institute of Information Processing and Information Management, Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration. http://epub. wu. ac. at/dyn/virlib/wp/eng/mediate/epub-wu-01_84b. pdf? ID=epub-wu-01_84b Bontis, N Chung, H 2000, ‘The evolution of software pricing: from box licenses to application service provider models’, Internet Research: Electronic Networking Applications and Policy, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 246-255. Christodoulou, M 2009, ‘How big is an SME? Confusion over size could complicate international rules’, Accountancy Age, pp. 7 http://www. accountancyage. com/accountancyage/analysis/2246584/big-sme-confusion-size Deep, A, Guttridge, P, Dani, S Burns, N 2007, ‘Investigating factors affecting ERP selection in made-to-order SME sector’, Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management, Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 430-446. Dubey, A, Wagle D 2007, ‘Delivering Software as a Service’, The McKinsey Quarterly. http://www. mckinsey. de/downloads/publikation/mck_on_bt/2007/mobt_12_Delivering_Software_as_a_Service. pdf European Commission 2009, ‘SME Definition’, viewed 17 October 2009, Gartner 2009, Gartner Surve y Shows Many Users are underwhelmed by Their Experiences of SaaS, viewed 17 October 2009, Harindranath, G, Dyerson, R Barnes, D 2008, ‘ICT Adoption and Use in UK SMEs: a Failure of Initiatives? , _The _Electronic Journal Information Systems Evaluation, Volume 11, Issue 2, pp. 91 – 96. IBM 2009a, Software as a Service, viewed 17 October 2009, IBM 2009b, ‘Managed server services’, viewed 17 October 2009, IBM 2009c, Software as a Service from IBM and Innovative Computing Corp. delivers speedy customer service for Nationwide Express, IBM Software as a Service, viewed 18 October 2009, Jacobson, S, Shepherd, J, D’Aquila, M Carter, K 2007, ‘The ERP Market Sizing Report, 2006–2011’, AMR How to cite Erp as Software as a Service (Saas) for Smes, Papers

Aqua Silencer free essay sample

An aqua silencer is used to  control the noise  and emission in ic engines. The reason why we go for aqua silencer is, in today life the  air pollution causes  physical ill effects to the human beings and also the environment. The main contribution of the air pollution is automobiles releasing the gases like carbon dioxide, unburned hydrocarbons etc. In order to avoid this type of gases by introducing this aqua silencer. It is fitted to the exhaust pipe of the engine. Sound produced under water is less hearable than it produced in atmosphere. This mainly because of small sprockets in water molecules, which lowers its amplitude thus, lowers the sound level. The emission can be controlled by using the activated charcoal layer and it is highly porous and poses extra free valences so it has high absorption capacity. So absorb the gases from the engine and release much less position to the environment. The noise and smoke level is considerable less than the conventional silencer, no need of catalytic converter and easy to install. SILENCER Silencer may refer to Muffler, a device for reducing the amount of noise emitted by the exhaust of an internal combustion engine * Silencer (DNA), a DNA sequence capable of binding transcription regulation factors termed repressors * Suppressor, a device attached to or part of the barrel of a firearm which reduces the amount of noise and flash Universal brand exhaust silencers provide the most favorable performance for all applications by offering silencers crafted for four different attenuation grades. Due to the variability of different applications, performance levels are most accurately shown as broad range expected attenuation bands, which are based upon typical conditions. These bands will not define the exact insertion loss for a specific application, since insertion loss is influenced by engine size, type, speed and untreated noise levels. Silencers for Small Spaces and Critical Applications Puck-style silencers are low-profile silencers that not only fit in the smallest enclosures, but are also ideal for portable power, marine, or other applications where a tight fit is a concern. The single inlet models are available in residential, critical and hospital attenuation grades. Critical and hospital models also offer a low skin temperature (LST) design for exceptionally small compartments and enclosures to keep radiant heat to a minimum. The LST configuration incorporates an extra layer of packed acoustic/thermal insulation that reduces heat and noise, eliminating the need for expensive external wraps. The aluminized steel designs far outperform the comparably priced carbon steel competition by offering higher corrosion resistance, greater maximum operating temperatures, less weight and an overall longer silencer life. Silencers for Existing Exhaust Systems Standard spark arresters are designed for general applications with a minimum of restriction on the engine, and are ideal as add-on units to existing exhaust systems. The arresters light weight and small size reduce stress and vibration to the rest of the exhaust system. Typical applications include logging and construction equipment, agricultural machinery, over-the- road trucks, airport equipment, forestry, and military vehicles. Standard engine exhaust silencers are available in the following grades: Industrial Grade, Residential Grade, Critical Grade, and Hospital Grade, and are available in the following configurations: * Type 1: End-in, end-out design * Type 2: Side-in, end-out design * Type 3: Middle side-in, end-out design Low Pressure Drop Silencers Low pressure drop silencers are available in two configurations: End-in, end-out design Side-in, end-out design Space Saver Space Saver units are designed for side-in end-out mounting, although either end may be used as an inlet. Using end-in side-out may result in lower attenuation reductions. Condensate drains standard on all units. Spark Arresters, Non-Silencing Standard spark arresters are designed for universal application with a minimum of restriction on the engine, and are ideal as add-on units to existing exhaust systems. The arresters light weight and small size reduce stress and vibration to the rest of the exhaust system. Typical applications include logging and construction equipment, agricultural machinery, over-theroad trucks, airport equipment, forestry, and military vehicles. Spark Arresting Silencers, Type 1 Standard Spark Arresting Exhaust Silencers provide high efficiency spark arresting and exceptional sound attenuation where fire hazards must be eliminated and noise must be minimized. Three attenuation grades (industrial, residential, and critical) are available with spark arresting efficiencies exceeding 95%. Heavy gauge material and fully welded construction provide maximum strength and longer service life in these units. Applications include stationary and portable gen sets, oil field equipment, propulsion engines on ships, and gas compression equipment. Spark Arresting Silencers, Type 3 Standard Spark Arresting Exhaust Silencers provide high efficiency spark arresting and exceptional sound attenuation where fire hazards must be eliminated and noise must be minimized. Three attenuation grades (industrial, residential, and critical) are available with spark arresting efficiencies Male pipe thread connections through 3. 5, 4, and larger are 125/150# ASA drilled flanges. Drains are standard on all silencers with a 9 body diameter or larger. Side-in end-out configuration is designed for side inlet flow only. Unit cannot be run backward. All dimensions are in inches. exceeding 95%. Heavy gauge material and fully welded construction provide maximum strength and longer service life in these units. Applications include stationary and portable gen sets, oil field equipment, propulsion engines on ships, and gas compression equipment. EN Series Multi-Chamber Silencers For the majority of engines and operating conditions, multi-chamber type silencers provide maximum noise attenuation within acceptable back pressure limits. Most naturally aspirated and supercharged engines need this type of silencer. Many turbocharged engines are best silenced with this design also. ET Series Straight-Through Silencers Some engines require very low exhaust system back pressures for maximum performance. Many turbocharged engines and some naturally aspirated engines fall into this category. For these engines, straight through, reactive silencers are available to provide adequate silencing while imposing negligible restriction on exhaust gas flow. ES Series Spark Arresting Silencers Operating locations exist where fire hazards and safety codes require removal of sparks from exhaust gases. Universals spark arrestor silencers are engineered to perform the dual function of spark arrestment and silencing for all internal combustion engines.

The Importance Of Planning Essay Research Paper free essay sample

The Importance Of Planning Essay, Research Paper GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT 31.2GM1 THE IMPORTANCE OF PLANNING FOR A STEREO MANUFACTURER BY: ? YSTEIN AULIN Reg, nr. 943778923 HERIOTT-WATT 30/12 1995 THE IMPORTANCE OF Planning FOR A STEREO MANUFACTURER There have been a continuously developing procedure of recording, prepare A ; procedure, and playback equipment during the last century. This has placed the music in a wholly new place in our society. Prior to the 20? th century music was merely related to particular occasions like concerts and the high festivals. This has changed. Nowadays we listen to music wherever we are, in supermarkets, film, wirelesss, official topographic points and even from little pocketsized participants. Earlier all music was unrecorded, today about all music we listen to are recordings. This besides states that, the tendencies in the music industry is of all time altering. The development of sound-recording technique has matured a serious sound industry. It contains of a broad apparition of different makers, which frequently link to each other and to other participants in the music/audio industry. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance Of Planning Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Sale of records became the modern sound industry? s launch. Because all record participants around the universe were standardised, the sale of records had an tremendous return off. This made it possibilities to gain a good net income in the music/audio industry, and many different equipment makers arised. The market was, and still is, alive because of the go oning audio developments. Radios, cassette participants, Cadmium participants, DAT participants, minidisk participants, etc. give rise to even more gross revenues. In the 1960? s the firs stereo recordings were made. Soon afterwards, the industry introduced the impression Hi-Fi ( high fidelity ) merely to do clear how far the development had come. When the cassette tape was introduced in the 1960? s, many jobs were solved. Now it was possible to bring forth a recording equipment which could be used when the milieus were in gesture ( i.e. in a auto ) . Now it was feasible to convey the beginning of music were of all time people wanted. The cassette could besides enter, and was highly easy to utilize compered to the LP. Besides the cassette became standardized. Subsequently we got DAT, CD, minidisks, etc. which all have brought the sound market a measure farther. The stereo industry of today is noticed by several industries that compete in the same market. Hence that competition is terrible and the importance of being in forepart with design invention, merchandise consistence, value for money, sound quality and the house # 8217 ; s good will, is of greatest importance. This besides means that be aftering is important. Planning is something that is arranged beforehand. Worked out in progress to make a end. # 8220 ; The ability to find appropriate aims: ? making the right thing? . The stereo industry consists of two chief sections, the place stereo market and the professional market. Even though many makers operate in both these markets, I will presume that Sonic Wave Ltd. merely operate in the place stereo section. Sonic Wave Ltd. has over the last old ages achieved a sustained period of dramatic growing and prosperity without usage of any strategic program. However, over the last six months it has seen a diminution in gross revenues because of a launch of an advanced scope of two-channel equipment from an Asiatic manufacturer. Their chief job is that they do non hold a speedy response to counter this challenge from Asia. This is because of their deficiency of planning. As with all industries a mission statement makes the chief model of a house. In the stereo industry the mission statement is to bring forth equipment to go through on music to its hearers. Furthermore each house must make up ones mind whom they want to aim, and with what kind of equipment they want to aim the group. With this as a footing we are able to put a strategic end. This end should include our concern doctrine ; I.e. sound quality, monetary value degree, etc. every bit good as an account for the chosen doctrine. It should besides include what merchandise scope to develop and bring forth. A clear purpose is set. This provides a sense of way. By puting a end, one opens the possibility to diversify the resources availible. Both machinery and people have limited resources, which should be used in the most effectual manner. This besides means that commanding becomes more of import, bu T besides easier because each employer and employee have clear undertakings to execute. If we are about to make the ends we have set within the deadline, we must cognize our patterned advance. This information is obtained through control. In order to steer our programs and determinations it is important to hold a clear end. To obtain this strategic end we need a strategic program ( program designed to run into an administration? s wide end ) . Without a strategic program it is barely possible to hold a position of the state of affairs. Peoples must cognize what to be taking at, whom they shall collaborate with and when a undertaking must be finished. This is rather obvious, but it requires a program to obtain. A strategic program is long term. Therefore we must be cautious when developing such a program. Often it requires a great trade of alterations, both fiscal and personal, to be able to follow this program. If the administration must alter its strategic ends, which they frequently have to, their programs besides must alter. So, this must besides be taken into consideration when doing a strategic program. To be successful, we must ever be prepared to do alterations at all phases in the administration. Clearly the effects can be fatal for a house? s being, if non the development of a strategic program is done decently. Strategic planning does non affect the actions taken in an administration from twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours. It is more a range, or a way for which the administration is heading. That is, the top directors in an audio mill might state that the house shall be market leaders in design invention and sound quality. How to obtain this is set in the operational program. Operational programs are a short term programs, ? demoing how strategic programs will be implemented in daily activities. These programs form a hierarchy of programs that are linked by interconnected ends? . ? Operational programs fall into two general categories, Single-use programs and Standing programs. Single-use programs are designed to be dissolved one time they have achieved specific, nonrecurring ends. Standing programs, in contrast, are standardised attacks to managing recurrent and predictable state of affairss? . As mentioned earlier, an administration must be able to alter its programs and it is ( usually ) this plans that must be changed. In Sonics instance there are no programs to be changed, thereby no opportunity to react fast to the new scope of audio equipment from the Asiatic manufacturer. Much of the constituents an audio maker usage in their production are imported. That the technology alteration and updates are meticulously defined is so of import. This requires a? material demand planning system? , which is another short term program. The MRP provides easy entree to, and visibleness of information on the stocks and flows of stuff within the supply concatenation and the physical capacities of selected operations. The MRP besides includes a short term reappraisal of stuffs required in each operations, and a study of stuffs availible. Without the MRP ( or a similar system ) it is difficult to obtain the production control, and to maintain on path with the operational and strategic program. In the electronic fabrication besides the application of merely in clip fabrication has resulted in important benefits. This chiefly because these companies used to run with high work-in-process stock list degrees and long lead times. There are besides several other of import characteristics which is indispensable to result a strategic program. Achieve greater reactivity from providers on monetary value, frequence of bringing and so on, set-up-time decrease, right firs clip production, a streamlined administration, etc. are such characteristics. It is the combination of all this short term activities that makes up the strategic program. In the audio fabrication industry new merchandises are launched rather quickly. It is non needfully advanced merchandises, but even merchandise betterments from other industries must be considered as a dainty. Asiatic manufacturers have the last 10-15 old ages been leaders in the place stereo market, both in merchandise invention and in design. Hence they have obtained rather a good will in the market, acquire higher returns, and thereby they can afford betterments and new merchandise developments. It is of terrible importance to maintain up with the Asiatic sound engineering. Quick response to alterations, and sooner new engineering development must thereby be considered as the chief end in the European sound fabrication industry. This can merely be obtained by strategic planning.

New Year Greetings and Quotes

New Year Greetings and Quotes Do you want to send a special New Year greeting to your friends? Here is a great collection of New Year greetings. Some of the greetings convey worldly wisdom, while others present a diverse perspective about the New Year. Choose from this collection of New Year greetings to send good wishes to your near and dear ones. Thomas MannTime has no divisions to mark its passage; there is never a thunderstorm or blare of trumpets to announce the beginning of a new month or year. Even when a new century begins it is only we mortals who ring bells and fire off pistols.Hamilton Wright MabieNew Years Eve is like every other night; there is no pause in the march of the universe, no breathless moment of silence among created things that the passage of another twelve months may be noted; and yet no man has quite the same thoughts this evening that come with the coming of darkness on other nights.Charles LambNo one ever regarded the first of January with indifference. It is that from which all date their time, and count upon what is left. It is the nativity of our common Adam.Alfred Lord TennysonRing out the old, ring in the new,Ring, happy bells, across the snow:The year is going, let him go;Ring out the false, ring in the true.William Ellery ChanningI will seek elegance rather than luxury, refinement rather than fashion. I will seek to be worthy more than respectable, wealthy and not rich. I will study hard, think quietly, talk gently, and act frankly. I will listen to stars and birds, babes and sages, with an open heart. I will bear all things cheerfully, do all things bravely await occasions and hurry never. In a word, I will let the spiritual, unbidden and unconscious grow up through the common.Ann LandersLet this coming year be better than all the others. Vow to do some of the things youve always wanted to do but couldnt find the time. Call up a forgotten friend. Drop an old grudge, and replace it with some pleasant memories. Vow not to make a promise you dont think you can keep. Walk tall, and smile more. Youll look ten years younger. Dont be afraid to say, I love you. Say it again. They are the sweetest words in the world.Maria EdgeworthThere is no moment like the present. The man who will not execute his resolutions when they are fresh upon him can have no hope from them afterwards: they will be dissipated, lost, and perish in the hurry and scurry of the world, or sunk in the slough of indolence. P. J. ORourkeIt is better to spend money like theres no tomorrow than to spend tonight like theres no money.Ogden NashEvery New Year is the direct descendant, isnt it, of a long line of proven criminals?George William CurtisThe New Year begins in a snowstorm of white vows.Ellen GoodmanWe spend January 1 walking through our lives, room by room, drawing up a list of work to be done, cracks to be patched. Maybe this year, to balance the list, we ought to walk through the rooms of our lives, not looking for flaws, but for potential.Samuel JohnsonSurely, it is much easier to respect a man who has always had respect, than to respect a man who we know was last year no better than ourselves  and will be no better next year.Friedrich NietzscheNo, life has not disappointed me. On the contrary, I find it truer, more desirable and mysterious every year ever since the day when the great liberator came to me: the idea that life could be an experiment of the seeker for knowledge and not a duty, n ot a calamity, not trickery. Henry Wadsworth LongfellowLook not mournfully into the past. It comes not back again. Wisely improve the present. It is thine. Go forth to meet the shadowy future, without fear, and with a manly heart.Kersti BergrothIt is difficult not to believe that the next year will be better than the old one! And this illusion is not wrong. Future is always good, no matter what happens. It will always give us what we need and what we want in secret. It will always bless us with right gifts. Thus in a deeper sense, our belief in the New Year cannot deceive us.Albert EinsteinI feel that you are justified in looking into the future with true assurance  because you have a mode of living in which we find the joy of life and the joy of work harmoniously combined. Added to this is the spirit of ambition which pervades your very being, and seems to make the days work like a happy child at play.

Antimalware techniques Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Antimalware techniques - Essay Example Email Filtering eliminates Malware-infected images from mail, and holds SPAM (most of whose URLs take you to Malware spreading websites) out of Inbox.   Firewalls choke up Malware from corresponding to the outside world. A  honeypot  is a  trap  installed to observe, avoid, or in some way neutralize attempts at unauthenticated use of  information systems. Commonly it consists of a  computer system, data, or a network site that appears to be element of a  network, but in reality is isolated and under observation, and which appears to contain information or a resource of value to attackers (Ciampa,  2009, p.  169-170). Behavior-blocking is a capability of some anti-malware tools that provides few of the best security available. It uses a more advanced approach at detection than merely matching applications against signatures of well known infections. Rather, it operates like a firewall by monitoring incoming applications for particular executions that show features of malicious code. Operating System and anti-malware tools should be up-to-date. Number of rogue software and security breaches in the OS is being exposed. Manufacturers of OS and anti-malware tools release updates for their products repeatedly. A un-updates OS or anti-malware would not be helpful in case of any

Drugs and Crime- The Media's Influence-repost Personal Statement

Drugs and Crime- The Media's Influence-repost - Personal Statement Example According to Morgan, the freedom of media need regulation in order to meet the needs of the citizenry, which requires impartial, justice and fairness (46). The misrepresentation of facts is a crime and the media should be accountable for false information. This is because the misrepresentation of facts is a civil misdeed, which may lead to defamation and other damages on the part of the defendant. The media should discourage drugs, instead of the media applying double standards in a bid to save the image of celebrities like Bieber. The media should take the initiative to enlighten the public, especially the youth, on the side effects of misuse of drugs. This will serve as a deterrent measure of the prevalence of drug misuse, which leads to road carnage and other social evils. The media can make use of advertisements and other form of media outlets in the dissemination of information on the effects of misuse of drugs (Morgan 67). Information is power and it can help the decision making process of the vulnerable populace especially the youth population. The media should not be allowed to be part of any criminal proceedings with regard to drugs and crime. This will ensure that justice is administered without undue

Pros and cons of PPPs models

Pros and cons of PPPs models Introduction to Public Private Partnership Public private partnership is a cooperative venture between the public and private sector in which the public and privates sector carry out a particular project on the basis of agreed task and risks, each party retaining its tasks and responsibility. The interest in PPPs is growing day by day because it is an efficient way of delivering the public services to the masses. The rudimentary principal behind public private partnership is that, Although Public sector entities may need to be responsible for the delivery of public services, but it is not necessary that it must be actually responsible for providing or undertaking the investment themselves. In this way all actors in public private partnership can concentrate on doing what they are likely to do in the best possible way by utilizing their resources and skills. In order to under take any public private partnership for a particular venture we have different modes or model for PPPs, Which are described briefly as under. A brief overview of Prominent Models of PPPs Operation and management contracts In these agreements the responsibility for asset operation and management is passed on to the private sector entities. The duration for these contracts is generally short ranging from 3 to 5 years, but can normally be extended. The private party is remunerated on a fixed fee basis or on an Incentive basis with premiums linked to specific performance targets. Under this agreement the public party still bears the financial and investment risk associated with the projects. This type of contract is an efficient way to undertake a project because the private sector has enough skills and have strong interest in improving the service quality. This model of PPPs contract is suited for transaction phases which finally lead to privatization. Potential strengths of management The profound advantage of management contract is that many operational benefits that result from private sector can be availed without transferring the assets to the private party. Management contract are less thorny to develop as compared to others and are considered less controversial. Theses contracts are also less expensive as compared to others because fewer but efficient staff can be used to carryout the task. They can also be seen as interim arrangements, allowing for modest improvements while more comprehensive contracts and structures are developed. Similarly, a management contract can be structured to phase-in increasingly extensive involvement of the private sector over time and as progress is demonstrated. Potential weaknesses Despite of the aforesaid advantages of management contract it also embodies some drawbacks one of the key disadvantage of this contract is that in this contract the private sector entity who is managing a particular project does not enjoy the autonomy. This is important to achieve deep and lasting change also the division between the obligation for service and management, on one hand, and financing and expansion planning, on the other, is a tricky one. Service contracts It is a limited type of PPPs model in this agreement the Private party procure, operate an assets for a short span of time mostly for 2 to 5 years. In this contract the public sector is responsible for investment and management of the project which bears the financial and residual value risks. While the public sector entity provide the services. It is suited for simple and operational requirments.it is often used for toll collections. Potential strengths of Service Contract This contract is best suitable when the services are clearly defined in the agreement, the demand is reasonably certain and the performance of the project can easily be monitored. One of the the gigantic advantage of service contract is that it provides us relatively low-risk option for the expansion of private sector which in return brings efficiency in the system operation. It is a less expensive way to delivery the public services and due to low barrier to competition it encourage competition which in return enhance the public service delivery and it is also a good source of technology transfer and for the development of managerial capacity. The other prominent advantages include Decrease in operation cost Access to cheaper labor Cut up in labor training cost Access to advance technology at minimum cost Enhance service delivery Potential weaknesses Service contracts are used for simple and short term project in this the private sector only provide their services not the capital investment. But this contract is not suitable for such situation in which the objective is to pool up capital. An other important drawback of this contract is that of loss of managerial control because it is much difficult to manage the outside service provider as compared to own employees. Also other draw backs include the loss of flexibility in reacting to changing the business condition, lake of internal and external focus, loss of competitive edge, problem in contract renewal and contractual misunderstanding. In this it is difficult to calculate the hidden cost associated with the contract like legal cost and the time require to put the contract into action. Leasing agreements It is a financial arrangement in which the owner of a facility sells it to another entity, and subsequently leases it back from the new owner. In this contract both public and private sectors entities may enter into sale/leaseback arrangements for a variety of reasons. An innovative application of the sale/leaseback technique is the sale of a public facility to a public or private holding company for the purposes of limiting governmental liability under certain statues. Under this arrangement, the government that sold the facility leases it back and continues to operate it. Under this agreement the private party better off only if it manages to reduce operating costs while meeting the designated service level. On the other hand the public sector bears the risks associated with the network expansion, capital improvement and financing. Its life ranges from 12 to 16 years, this type of agreement is best suited for infrastructure. Other prominent leasing contract include Buy-build-operate (BBO) Lease-develop-operate (LDO) Wrap-around addition (WAA) Potential strengths One of the main advantage of this contract is that it brings efficiency in the public service delivery .Also in this contract the commercial risk is borne by the private sector which give a strong performance incentive and which coax the private sector to perform well. Under this contract the private sector competitively bid for providing the services which in return enhance the delivery of public services. Potential weaknesses As we know that in lease agreement the contractor revenue is based on the revenue stream of the customers payments so in such situation the question of tariff levels is of sensitive nature which can lead to possible conflict between the public and private parties. Also under this agreement the responsibility of capital investment is of public sector and the financial risk is borne by the public sector so in this contract no capital is mobilized from the private sector entity and also labour issues are of more sensitive nature as compared to other PPPs contracts. Concession Contract It is a type of leasing contract in which the ownership remain with the government while the private party not only provide capital investment but also responsible for the maintenance of the assets. After the completion of the project the government pays the agreed sum of money to the private party and gets the assets. It is suited for the construction and its life is from 15 to 30 years. Potential strengths of concession contract One of key advantage of Concessions is that it helps to mobilize capital from private sector for the construction or rehabilitation of existing projects. As we know that under this agreement the private sector also contribute capital for the project so it coax the private sector (concessionaire) to bring efficiency and effectiveness in order to increase his return in the project. It also encourages the private party to bring innovation in the delivery of public services. Potential weaknesses One of the major drawback of this contract is that the complexity of defining the activities of private sector entity. One of the major disadvantage of this contract rises in case of long-term projects i.e. more than 25 years because this complicate the bidding process and the contract design which hinder in anticipating the events of the project. Also due to its long term tenure it is deemed politically controversial and difficult to organize. Another drawback of this contract is that it limit the competition because of limited number of qualified contractors are available. Green field Contracts This type of agreement is mostly used for the development of new projects. Such projects are often demanded by engineers. Examples of Greenfield projects are new factories, power plants or airports which are built from scratch. Those facilities which are modified/ upgraded are called Brownfield projects. Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) In this the private party is responsible for designing, construction and operation of the assets. In this public party bears the financial risks but it has control on important phases of the life cycle of the project. This type of contract bring efficiency in the projects and removes the important maintenance issues from public budget This integrated scheme obliges the private operator to take into account the cost of operating the asset during the design and operation phase and therefore stimulates a better planning and management of the service itself It include the following types Build-own-operate-transfer (BOOT) Build-rent-own-transfer (BROT) Build-transfer-operate (BTO) Build-lease-operate-transfer (BLOT) Potential strengths As we know that BOTs have been mostly used to attract private funding to the construction or renovation of infrastructure. Hence one of the key advantage of BOT agreements is that it reduces commercial risk for the private partner because there is often only one customer, i.e. public sector (government) .The following are some of the major advantages of BOT contract Due to the efficiency of private sector the public services can be delivered with minimum cost As the private sector directly involved in this so it reduces the public debit, balancing the beget deficit and reduce the role of public sector. It also facility the transfer of advance technology by intruding international contractors in the host country. Potential weaknesses The following are some of the major disadvantages of BOT contract The transaction cost in this case is higher as compared to other contracts Not suitable for small projects. The success of this project depends upon the successful raising of funds. BOT projects are successful only when substantial revenues are generated during the operation phase. A CASE STUDY This case study is one of the best example of public private partnership (service contract) which is contributing to the overall economic development of Pakistan. Faisalabad Industrial Estate Development and Management Company (FIEDMC) This is one of the classical of PPP (service contract) .In this contract the government of Punjab provided funds and the private sector were assigned the task to develop two industrial estates at Faisalabad by contributing there services on voluntary basis. This company constitutes of 21 members in its board 5 from public and 16 from private sector. Under this agreement the private sector will contribute their expertise to develop a world standard industrial estate in order to use the public money in a fruitful way. The following two prominent projects were undertaken under this agreement. Value Addition City. This industrial city was basically established in order to address the need for SMEs and to provide land on small scale to the industrialist. This estate consists of 200 acres land .where all utilities and facilities to the industrialist and a great emphasis is given to the security, further more The VAC offers facilities like a state of the art road network, electricification, natural gas, optic fiber telecommunication network, hospital, commercial area and extensive landscaping for environmental friendly atmosphere. M-3 Industrial city (M-31C) This is a larger project as compared to value added city with a vast area of 4500 acres. This industrial city is catering for the needs of all business sectors both industrial and services It entails the fulfillment the needs and wants of the prospective investors. This industrial city provides the important facilities according to world standards including, state of the art telecommunication system, transport facilities and labor colonies to the labor. This industrial city constitute of all kinds of textile industries, high quality chemical units, engineering including automobile and agricultural machinery firms and construction material firms. It will also cater the needs of pharmaceutical companies and food processing units. Other industries include IT equipment manufacture and software industry, electrical devices, electronics and other value added products. This is one of the classical example of PPP models in which the private party provides their services in the shape of their expertise to boost industries in Pakistan and it will boost the Pakistani economy. A Failure of PP Project (Metronet UK) The London underground rail system is the world first underground system which was established in 1863 and up to early twenty century it was operated by six private operators. But due to their substandard services its activities was directly or indirectly classified by the UK authorities by 1933. In February 2002 it was decided to bring improvement in the public service delivery by entering into a PFI contract with the private sector .Under this arrangement it was decided that maintenance and renewal of London underground infrastructure would be incorporated through three PPP contracts Under this agreement the Responsibility for stations, train operations, signaling and safety remained in the Public sector, being run by London Underground Limited, a new operating company set up for the purpose. It also had responsibility for determining service patterns and setting fares. Under this PPP project there were three private sectors companies which were called infracos namely Infraco BCV Bakerloo, Central, Victoria, Waterloo City. Infraco JNP Jubilee, Northern, Piccadilly. Infraco SSL Circle, District, East London, Hammersmith City, Metropolitan. To improve the Services and to ensure long-term assets management a 30 year contract was signed which is divided into 7.5 year segment. In this arrangement an Arbiter was also appointed whose role was to resolve the disputes between the London Under Ground Limited and an infaco regarding the payment and other issues. On December 31 2002 Tube Line acquired Infraco JNP and on April 2003 Metronet acquired the other two infracos.The PPP contract give legal ownership of London Underground infrastructure during the term of the contracting In July 2007 the work of modernization of London Underground Infrastructure was entrusted to Metronet BCV and Metronet SSL.and the fund was provided by the Government under PPP. But Metronet was unable to complete their task in the agreed time and estimated cost of bid. By March 2005 Metronet had not completed any of the eight stations due. Only 11 out of 35 stations were accepted as delivered by March and finally the London Underground Limited purchased 95% of Metrones outstaniding debt obligations from its private sector lenders in February 2008 rather than repaying this debt over the 30 years of the contract. The Department for Transport (DfT) made  £1.7 billion of grant available to help London Underground do so. Causes of Failure of this Debacle of PPP The following are some of the main reason for the debacle of this PPP contract. Poor Corporate Governance and Leadership structure of Metronet and tied Supply chain management Supplier was failed to give timely information to Metronet management about the costs against delivery. Ambiguities in the scope of the project and poor program management. Also it was found that it was unable to execute the the operation in the best possible way and lake of efficiencies in business administration activities. Conclusions From the aforesaid discussion on various prominent types of PPPs models we conclude that It is not always fruitful to enter to a PPP agreement .So the government should not enter into such contract without accurate and comprehensive assessment of the risk transferred to the private sector and a firm idea that what would constitute an appropriate price for taking such level of risk. If it does not transfer an appropriate level of risk to the private sector then it should not be availed. PPPs can be very helpful for the public service delivery if the underlying drawbacks are minimized and to minimize the risk associated with these models we must apply each model according to the type of problem we are solving. For instance if we need for Capital then BOT/BOO/Divestiture can be used. In case if we need for Expertise and Performance then Management Contract can be the best option. But if we need for Expertise only then Service Contract is the best option. Or if we are facing a complex pr oblem which can not be solved with one model then a combination of these models can be used. References www.ncppp.org/howpart/ppptypes.shtml Article by By Brig.Ahmad Riaz Siddiqi (Retd), X-Chief operating officer FIEDMC (Dawn Saturday, December 20, 2008) PUBLIC PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS Models and Trends in the European Union Authors: Andrea RENDA (Senior Research Fellow, CEPS) and Lorna SCHREFLER (Research Assistant, CEPS) India time.com http://www.cyfuture.com/disadvantages-of-outsourcing.htm http://www.investorwords.com The failure of Metronet REPORT BY THE COMPTROLLER AND AUDITOR GENERAL | HC 512 Session 2008-2009 5 June 2009 Department Of Management Sciences Ciit Islamabad